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Frontiers | Targeting oxidative stress-MMP-2 signaling in hypertension-induced cardiovascular remodeling and dysfunction

GSH synthesis in astrocytes Compared with neurons, astrocytes have higher capacity for the GSH production and storage, and they can protect neurons from oxidative damage by releasing GSH into the extracellular microenvironment.8, 19, 44 De novo synthesis of GSH in the brain mainly relies on Sxc − cystine/glutamate antiporter (also known as Sxc − , mainly expressed on the membrane of astrocytes and very little in neurons) which exports glutamate from the cells in exchange for cystine providing the raw material for glutathione synthesis,130 and then, the accumulated cystine in astrocytes can be converted into glutathione catalysed by γ‐glutamate‐cysteine ligase and GSH synthetase.77 A study has confirmed that enhancing Sxc‐ expression in astrocytes could increase the GSH level and providing neuroprotection effect.112 Except for the direct provision of GSH, astrocytes also supply glutathione precursor, CysGly, for neuronal glutathione generation which catalysed by astroglial ectoenzyme γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase.26 Additionally, astrocytic GSH synthesis has been reported to be regulated by some inflammation‐related signal pathways

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